Feb 11The Egypt Protests: Mubarak Resignation Celebrations

01.
Egyptian celebrates after the announcement of Egyptian President Hosni
Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo February 11, 2011. A furious wave of
protest finally swept Mubarak from power on Friday after 30 years of
one-man rule, sparking jubilation on the streets and sending a warning
to autocrats across the Arab world and beyond. REUTERS/Amr Abdallah
Dalsh

What started out as a day of anger ended in joyous celebration. Last
night the people heard Mubarak say he was going to stay President until
the elections in September. This angered the protesters so much they
planned new protests and dubbed today Farewell Friday. Hundreds of
thousands joined marches in Alexandria, Cairo and across Egypt.

Just before the afternoon prayer the Army issued a statement saying they
wanted the protests to stop and would guarantee Mubarak kept his word
in September. This did not appease the protesters and they defied the
Army. The End Game was set in motion and Mubarak finally threw in the
towel in the early evening by announcing his resignation from the
position of President of Egypt with immediate effect.

After 18 days of protest the people of Egypt did it. President Hosni
Mubarak – on the thrown for the last 30 years – finally listened to the
people of Egypt and quit. This joyous news sparked celebrations by
Egyptians from London to Jordan to Athens to Paris to Germany to Paris
to Alexandria and to Tahris Square Cairo.

We wish the Egyptian people well in their search for a stable and
democratic country. It is not going to be an easy ride, but the first
steps have been taken.

02.
Opposition supporters perform Friday prayers near tanks in front of the
presidential palace in Cairo February 11, 2011. Egypt’s powerful army
gave guarantees on Friday that President Hosni Mubarak’s promised
reforms would be carried out, but protesters insisted he quit now and
cranked up the pressure by massing outside his palace. REUTERS/Goran
Tomasevic

03.
An opposition supporter prays near a tank in front of the presidential
palace in Cairo February 11, 2011. Egypt’s powerful army gave guarantees
on Friday that President Hosni Mubarak’s promised reforms would be
carried out, but protesters insisted he quit now and cranked up the
pressure by massing outside his palace. REUTERS/Amr Abdallah Dalsh

04.
An Egyptian soldier stands guard atop a tank in front of the state TV
building on the Corniche in Cairo February 11, 2011. Egypt’s powerful
army pledged on Friday to guarantee President Hosni Mubarak’s reforms in
a move to defuse a popular uprising, but many angry protesters said
this failed to meet their key demand that he resign immediately.
REUTERS/Yannis Behrakis

05.
Egyptian soldiers stands guard next to a machinegun on a balcony of the
state TV building on the Corniche in Cairo February 11, 2011 as
thousands of protesters demonstrate in the streets around the building.
Egypt’s powerful army pledged on Friday to guarantee President Hosni
Mubarak’s reforms in a move to defuse a popular uprising, but many angry
protesters said this failed to meet their key demand that he resign
immediately. REUTERS/Yannis Behrakis

06.
An anti-government protester holds a flag in front of a tank guarding
the state TV building on the Corniche in Cairo February 11, 2011 as
thousands of protesters demonstrate in the streets around the building.
Egypt’s powerful army pledged on Friday to guarantee President Hosni
Mubarak’s reforms in a move to defuse a popular uprising, but many angry
protesters said this failed to meet their key demand that he resign
immediately. REUTERS/Yannis Behrakis

07.
Thousands of Egyptian anti-government protesters march in Alexandria ,
230 km (140 miles) north of Cairo, February 11, 2011. Egypt’s powerful
military gave guarantees on Friday that promised democratic reforms
would be carried out but angry protesters intensified an uprising
against President Hosni Mubarak by marching on the presidential palace.
REUTERS/Stringer

08.
Anti-government protesters shout anti-Mubarak slogans and celebrate in
front of a tank outside the state TV building on the Corniche in Cairo
after Friday prayers February 11, 2011. Egypt’s powerful army pledged on
Friday to guarantee President Hosni Mubarak’s reforms in a move to
defuse a popular uprising, but many angry protesters said this failed to
meet their key demand that he resign immediately. REUTERS/Yannis
Behrakis

09.
Thousands of Egyptian anti-government protesters march in Alexandria ,
230 km (140 miles) north of Cairo, February 11, 2011. Egypt’s powerful
military gave guarantees on Friday that promised democratic reforms
would be carried out but angry protesters intensified an uprising
against President Hosni Mubarak by marching on the presidential palace.
REUTERS/Stringer

10.
Anti-government protesters wave flags outside the state TV building on
the Corniche in Cairo after Friday prayers February 11, 2011. Egypt’s
powerful army pledged on Friday to guarantee President Hosni Mubarak’s
reforms in a move to defuse a popular uprising, but many angry
protesters said this failed to meet their key demand that he resign
immediately. REUTERS/Yannis Behrakis

11.
Opposition protesters make their way into their stronghold of Tahrir
Square in Cairo February 11, 2011. Egypt’s powerful army pledged on
Friday to guarantee President Hosni Mubarak’s reforms in a move to
defuse a popular uprising, but many angry protesters said this failed to
meet their key demand that he resign immediately. REUTERS/Suhaib Salem

12.
Opposition protesters pray in their stronghold of Tahrir Square in
Cairo February 11, 2011. Egypt’s powerful army pledged on Friday to
guarantee President Hosni Mubarak’s reforms in a move to defuse a
popular uprising, but many angry protesters said this failed to meet
their key demand that he resign immediately. REUTERS/Suhaib Salem

13.
Anti-government protesters ride motorbikes during a march through the
presidential palace in Cairo February 11, 2011.Egypt’s powerful army
gave guarantees on Friday that President Hosni Mubarak’s promised
reforms would be carried out, but protesters insisted he quit now and
cranked up the pressure by massing outside his palace. REUTERS/Amr
Abdallah Dalsh

14.
An Egyptian flag is placed in front of the Presidential palace in Cairo
February 11, 2011. Egypt’s powerful military gave guarantees on Friday
that promised democratic reforms would be carried out but angry
protesters intensified an uprising against President Hosni Mubarak by
marching on the presidential palace. REUTERS/Amr Abdallah Dalsh

15.
An anti-government protester holds up a shoe with a picture of Egypt’s
President Hosni Mubarak in front of the Presidential palace in Cairo
February 11, 2011. Egypt’s powerful military gave guarantees on Friday
that promised democratic reforms would be carried out but angry
protesters intensified an uprising against President Hosni Mubarak by
marching on the presidential palace. REUTERS/Amr Abdallah Dalsh

16.
Opposition protesters celebrate Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak’s
resignation, from their stronghold of Tahrir Square in Cairo February
11, 2011. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on Friday that
Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had resigned, handing
power to the army, he said in a televised statement. REUTERS/Suhaib
Salem

17.
Opposition protesters celebrate Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak’s
resignation, from their stronghold of Tahrir Square in Cairo February
11, 2011. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on Friday that
Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had resigned, handing
power to the army, he said in a televised statement. REUTERS/Suhaib
Salem

18.
Opposition protesters celebrate Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak’s
resignation, from their stronghold of Tahrir Square in Cairo February
11, 2011. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on Friday that
Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had resigned, handing
power to the army, he said in a televised statement. REUTERS/Suhaib
Salem

19.
Anti-government protesters celebrate inside Tahrir Square after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo
February 11, 2011. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on Friday
that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had resigned,
handing power to the army, he said in a televised statement.
REUTERS/Dylan Martinez

20.
Anti-government protesters celebrate inside Tahrir Square after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo
February 11, 2011. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on Friday
that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had resigned,
handing power to the army, he said in a televised statement.
REUTERS/Dylan Martinez

21.
Anti-government protesters celebrate inside Tahrir Square after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo
February 11, 2011. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on Friday
that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had resigned,
handing power to the army, he said in a televised statement.
REUTERS/Dylan Martinez

22.
Anti-government protesters celebrate inside Tahrir Square after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo
February 11, 2011. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on Friday
that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had resigned,
handing power to the army, he said in a televised statement.
REUTERS/Dylan Martinez

23.
Anti-government protesters celebrate inside Tahrir Square after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo
February 11, 2011. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on Friday
that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had resigned,
handing power to the army, he said in a televised statement.
REUTERS/Dylan Martinez

24.
Anti-government protesters celebrate inside Tahrir Square after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo
February 11, 2011. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on Friday
that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had resigned,
handing power to the army, he said in a televised statement.
REUTERS/Dylan Martinez

25.
Anti-government protesters celebrate inside Tahrir Square after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo
February 11, 2011. Mubarak stepped down as president of Egypt on Friday
after 30 years of rule, handing power to the army and bowing to
relentless pressure from a popular uprising after his military support
evaporated. REUTERS/Dylan Martinez

26.
Women hold the Egyptian flag after the resignation of President Hosni
Mubarak, outside the country’s embassy in London February 11, 2011.
Hosni Mubarak stepped down as president of Egypt on Friday after 30
years of rule, handing power to the army and bowing to relentless
pressure from a popular uprising after his military support evaporated.
REUTERS/Luke MacGregor

27.
Anti-government protesters celebrate inside Tahrir Square after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo
February 11, 2011. Mubarak stepped down as president of Egypt on Friday
after 30 years of rule, handing power to the army and bowing to
relentless pressure from a popular uprising after his military support
evaporated. REUTERS/Dylan Martinez

28.
Anti-government protesters celebrate inside Tahrir Square after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo
February 11, 2011. Mubarak stepped down as president of Egypt on Friday
after 30 years of rule, handing power to the army and bowing to
relentless pressure from a popular uprising after his military support
evaporated. REUTERS/Dylan Martinez

29.
Anti-government protesters celebrate inside Tahrir Square after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo
February 11, 2011. Mubarak stepped down as president of Egypt on Friday
after 30 years of rule, handing power to the army and bowing to
relentless pressure from a popular uprising after his military support
evaporated. REUTERS/Dylan Martinez

30.
Anti-government protesters celebrate inside Tahrir Square after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo
February 11, 2011. Mubarak stepped down as president of Egypt on Friday
after 30 years of rule, handing power to the army and bowing to
relentless pressure from a popular uprising after his military support
evaporated. REUTERS/Dylan Martinez

31.
Egyptians living in Greece celebrate the resignation of Egypt’s
President Hosni Mubarak outside the country’s embassy in Athens February
11, 2011. Mubarak stepped down as president of Egypt on Friday after 30
years of rule, handing power to the army and bowing to relentless
pressure from a popular uprising after his military support evaporated.
REUTERS/Yiorgos Karahalis

32.
Egyptians and supporters celebrate the resignation of Egypt’s President
Hosni Mubarak outside the country’s embassy in London February 11,
2011. Hosni Mubarak stepped down as president of Egypt on Friday after
30 years of rule, handing power to the army and bowing to relentless
pressure from a popular uprising after his military support evaporated.
REUTERS/Luke MacGregor

33.
Egyptians and supporters celebrate the resignation of Egypt’s President
Hosni Mubarak outside the country’s embassy in London February 11,
2011. Hosni Mubarak stepped down as president of Egypt on Friday after
30 years of rule, handing power to the army and bowing to relentless
pressure from a popular uprising after his military support evaporated.
REUTERS/Luke MacGregor

34.
Egyptians and supporters celebrate the resignation of Egypt’s President
Hosni Mubarak outside the country’s embassy in London February 11,
2011. Hosni Mubarak stepped down as president of Egypt on Friday after
30 years of rule, handing power to the army and bowing to relentless
pressure from a popular uprising after his military support evaporated.
REUTERS/Luke MacGregor

35.
Egyptians living in Germany celebrate the resignation of Egypt’s
President Hosni Mubarak in front of the Brandenburg gate in Berlin
February 11, 2011. Mubarak stepped down as president of Egypt on Friday
after 30 years of rule, handing power to the army and bowing to
relentless pressure from a popular uprising after his military support
evaporated. REUTERS/Pawel Kopczynski

36.
Egyptians celebrate in Paris after the announcement of Egyptian
President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation February 11, 2011. A furious wave
of protest finally swept Mubarak from power on Friday after 30 years of
one-man rule, sparking jubilation on the streets and sending a warning
to autocrats across the Arab world and beyond. Mubarak, the second Arab
leader to be overthrown by a popular uprising in a month, handed power
to the army after 18 days of relentless rallies against poverty,
corruption and repression caused support from the armed forces to
evaporate. REUTERS/Gonzalo Fuentes

37.
Egyptians celebrate with their flag in Paris after the announcement of
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation February 11, 2011.
Mubarak stepped down as president of Egypt on Friday after 30 years of
rule, handing power to the army and bowing to relentless pressure from a
popular uprising after his military support evaporated.
REUTERS/Gonzalo Fuentes

38.
Egyptians celebrate in Paris after the announcement of Egyptian
President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation February 11, 2011. Mubarak stepped
down as president of Egypt on Friday after 30 years of rule, handing
power to the army and bowing to relentless pressure from a popular
uprising after his military support evaporated. REUTERS/Gonzalo
Fuentes

39.
Anti-government protesters celebrate next to soldiers inside Tahrir
Square after the announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s
resignation in Cairo February 11, 2011. A furious wave of protest
finally swept Mubarak from power on Friday after 30 years of one-man
rule, sparking jubilation on the streets and sending a warning to
autocrats across the Arab world and beyond. REUTERS/Asmaa Waguih

40.
Egyptians celebrate in Paris after the announcement of Egyptian
President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation February 11, 2011. Mubarak stepped
down as president of Egypt on Friday after 30 years of rule, handing
power to the army and bowing to relentless pressure from a popular
uprising after his military support evaporated. REUTERS/Gonzalo
Fuentes

41.
Anti-government protesters celebrate inside Tahrir Square after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo
February 11, 2011. A furious wave of protest finally swept Mubarak from
power on Friday after 30 years of one-man rule, sparking jubilation on
the streets and sending a warning to autocrats across the Arab world and
beyond. REUTERS/Asmaa Waguih

42.
An Egyptian man waves Egyptian flags inside Tahrir Square after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo
February 11, 2011. A furious wave of protest finally swept Mubarak from
power on Friday after 30 years of one-man rule, sparking jubilation on
the streets and sending a warning to autocrats across the Arab world and
beyond. REUTERS/Asmaa Waguih

43.
Anti-government protesters celebrate inside Tahrir Square after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo
February 11, 2011. A furious wave of protest finally swept Mubarak from
power on Friday after 30 years of one-man rule, sparking jubilation on
the streets and sending a warning to autocrats across the Arab world and
beyond. REUTERS/Asmaa Waguih

44.
A woman celebrates inside Tahrir Square after the announcement of
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo February 11,
2011. A furious wave of protest finally swept Mubarak from power on
Friday after 30 years of one-man rule, sparking jubilation on the
streets and sending a warning to autocrats across the Arab world and
beyond. REUTERS/Asmaa Waguih

45.
Anti-government protesters shake hands with an army officer atop a tank
in Tahrir square in Cairo February 11, 2011. A furious wave of protest
finally swept Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak from power on Friday after
30 years of one-man rule, sparking jubilation on the streets and
sending a warning to autocrats across the Arab world and beyond.

REUTERS/Yannis Behrakis

46.
Thousands of Egyptian anti-government protesters celebrate inside
Tahrir Square after the announcement of Egyptian President Hosni
Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo February 11, 2011. A furious wave of
protest finally swept Mubarak from power on Friday after 30 years of
one-man rule, sparking jubilation on the streets and sending a warning
to autocrats across the Arab world and beyond. REUTERS/Amr Abdallah
Dalsh

47.
Anti-government protesters celebrate atop a tank in Tahrir square in
Cairo February 11, 2011.A furious wave of protest finally swept Egypt’s
President Hosni Mubarak from power on Friday after 30 years of one-man
rule, sparking jubilation on the streets and sending a warning to
autocrats across the Arab world and beyond.Ecstatic Egyptians celebrated
in carnival mood on the streets and people embraced in Cairo’s Tahrir,
or Liberation, Square, the main focus for protest. Many simply sobbed
for joy. REUTERS/Yannis Behrakis

48.
Protesters celebrate in front of the Egyptian embassy after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Amman
February 11, 2011. A furious wave of protest finally swept Mubarak from
power on Friday after 30 years of one-man rule, sparking jubilation on
the streets and sending a warning to autocrats across the Arab world and
beyond. REUTERS/Ali Jarekji

49.
Thousands of Egyptian anti-government protesters celebrate inside
Tahrir Square after the announcement of Egyptian President Hosni
Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo February 11, 2011. A furious wave of
protest finally swept Mubarak from power on Friday after 30 years of
one-man rule, sparking jubilation on the streets and sending a warning
to autocrats across the Arab world and beyond. REUTERS/Amr Abdallah
Dalsh

50.
Egyptian anti-government protesters celebrate inside Tahrir Square
after the announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation
in Cairo February 11, 2011. A furious wave of protest finally swept
Mubarak from power on Friday after 30 years of one-man rule, sparking
jubilation on the streets and sending a warning to autocrats across the
Arab world and beyond. REUTERS/Amr Abdallah Dalsh

51.
Thousands of Egyptian anti-government protesters celebrate inside
Tahrir Square after the announcement of Egyptian President Hosni
Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo February 11, 2011. A furious wave of
protest finally swept Mubarak from power on Friday after 30 years of
one-man rule, sparking jubilation on the streets and sending a warning
to autocrats across the Arab world and beyond. REUTERS/Amr Abdallah
Dalsh

52.
Anti-government protesters celebrate atop a tank in Tahrir square in
Cairo February 11, 2011. A furious wave of protest finally swept Egypt’s
President Hosni Mubarak from power on Friday after 30 years of one-man
rule, sparking jubilation on the streets and sending a warning to
autocrats across the Arab world and beyond.Ecstatic Egyptians celebrated
in carnival mood on the streets and people embraced in Cairo’s Tahrir,
or Liberation, Square, the main focus for protest. Many simply sobbed
for joy.

REUTERS/Yannis Behrakis

53.
Egyptians celebrate after the announcement of Egyptian President Hosni
Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo February 11, 2011. A furious wave of
protest finally swept Mubarak from power on Friday after 30 years of
one-man rule, sparking jubilation on the streets and sending a warning
to autocrats across the Arab world and beyond. REUTERS/Amr Abdallah
Dalsh

54.
People chant pro-Egypt slogans as they celebrate announcement of
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation at Tahrir Square in Cairo
February 11, 2011. A furious wave of protest finally swept Mubarak from
power on Friday after 30 years of one-man rule, sparking jubilation on
the streets and sending a warning to autocrats across the Arab world and
beyond.evaporated. REUTERS/Asmaa Waguih

55.
A couple celebrates the announcement of Egyptian President Hosni
Mubarak’s resignation at Tahrir Square in Cairo February 11, 2011. A
furious wave of protest finally swept Mubarak from power on Friday after
30 years of one-man rule, sparking jubilation on the streets and
sending a warning to autocrats across the Arab world and beyond.
REUTERS/Asmaa Waguih

56.
Egyptian youths wave a large Egyptian flag as they celebrate the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation at Tahrir
Square in Cairo February 11, 2011. A furious wave of protest finally
swept Mubarak from power on Friday after 30 years of one-man rule,
sparking jubilation on the streets and sending a warning to autocrats
across the Arab world and beyond. REUTERS/Asmaa Waguih

57.
People take pictures next to an army tank as they celebrate the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation at Tahrir
Square in Cairo February 11, 2011. A furious wave of protest finally
swept Mubarak from power on Friday after 30 years of one-man rule,
sparking jubilation on the streets and sending a warning to autocrats
across the Arab world and beyond. REUTERS/Asmaa Waguih

58.
Fire works are launched as Egyptians celebrate the announcement of
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation at Tahrir Square in Cairo
February 11, 2011. A furious wave of protest finally swept Mubarak from
power on Friday after 30 years of one-man rule, sparking jubilation on
the streets and sending a warning to autocrats across the Arab world and
beyond. REUTERS/Asmaa Waguih

59.
Opposition protesters celebrate President Hosni Mubarak’s departure
from their stronghold of Tahrir Square in Cairo February 11, 2011.
REUTERS/Suhaib Salem

60.
Opposition protesters celebrate President Hosni Mubarak’s departure
from their stronghold of Tahrir Square in Cairo February 11, 2011.
REUTERS/Suhaib Salem

61.
Opposition protesters celebrate President Hosni Mubarak’s departure
from their stronghold of Tahrir Square in Cairo February 11, 2011.
REUTERS/Suhaib Salem

62.
Protesters celebrate in front of the Egyptian embassy after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Amman
February 11, 2011. Mubarak stepped down as president of Egypt on Friday
after 30 years of rule, handing power to the army and bowing to
relentless pressure from a popular uprising after his military support
evaporated. REUTERS/Ali Jarekji

63.
Opposition protesters celebrate President Hosni Mubarak’s departure
from their stronghold of Tahrir Square in Cairo February 11, 2011.
REUTERS/Suhaib Salem

64.
Opposition protesters celebrate Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak’s
resignation, from their stronghold of Tahrir Square in Cairo February
11, 2011. A furious wave of protest finally swept Mubarak from power on
Friday after 30 years of one-man rule, sparking jubilation on the
streets and sending a warning to autocrats across the Arab world and
beyond. REUTERS/Goran Tomasevic

65.
Anti-government protesters celebrate inside Tahrir Square after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo
February 11, 2011. A furious wave of protest finally swept Mubarak from
power on Friday after 30 years of one-man rule, sparking jubilation on
the streets and sending a warning to autocrats across the Arab world and
beyond. REUTERS/Dylan Martinez

66.
Anti-government protesters celebrate inside Tahrir Square after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo
February 11, 2011. A furious wave of protest finally swept Mubarak from
power on Friday after 30 years of one-man rule, sparking jubilation on
the streets and sending a warning to autocrats across the Arab world and
beyond. REUTERS/Dylan Martinez

67.
Anti-government protesters celebrate inside Tahrir Square after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo
February 11, 2011. A furious wave of protest finally swept Mubarak from
power on Friday after 30 years of one-man rule, sparking jubilation on
the streets and sending a warning to autocrats across the Arab world and
beyond. REUTERS/Dylan Martinez

68.
Thousands of Egyptian anti-government protesters celebrate inside
Tahrir Square after the announcement of Egyptian President Hosni
Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo February 11, 2011. A furious wave of
protest finally swept Mubarak from power on Friday after 30 years of
one-man rule, sparking jubilation on the streets and sending a warning
to autocrats across the Arab world and beyond. REUTERS/Amr Abdallah
Dalsh

69.
Anti-government protesters pray as Egyptians celebrate after the
announcement of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo
February 11, 2011. A furious wave of protest finally swept Mubarak from
power on Friday after 30 years of one-man rule, sparking jubilation on
the streets and sending a warning to autocrats across the Arab world and
beyond. REUTERS/Amr Abdallah Dalsh

70.
Opposition protesters celebrate Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak’s
resignation, from their stronghold of Tahrir Square in Cairo February
11, 2011. A furious wave of protest finally swept Mubarak from power on
Friday after 30 years of one-man rule, sparking jubilation on the
streets and sending a warning to autocrats across the Arab world and
beyond. REUTERS/Suhaib Salem

71.
Egyptians celebrate after the announcement of Egyptian President Hosni
Mubarak’s resignation in Cairo February 11, 2011. A furious wave of
protest finally swept Mubarak from power on Friday after 30 years of
one-man rule, sparking jubilation on the streets and sending a warning
to autocrats across the Arab world and beyond. REUTERS/Amr Abdallah
Dalsh

72.
Palestinians celebrate the resignation of Egyptian President Hosni
Mubarak in Gaza City February 11, 2011. Palestinians in Gaza let off
fireworks and shot into the air to celebrate the resignation of Egyptian
President Hosni Mubarak on Friday, and the Islamist group Hamas called
on Egypt’s new rulers to change his policies. REUTERS/Mohammed Salem

73.
Anti-government protesters carry a placard and celebrate in Tahrir
square in Cairo February 11, 2011. A furious wave of protest finally
swept Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak from power on Friday after 30
years of one-man rule, sparking jubilation on the streets and sending a
warning to autocrats across the Arab world and beyond.Ecstatic Egyptians
celebrated in carnival mood on the streets and people embraced in
Cairo’s Tahrir, or Liberation, Square, the main focus for protest. Many
simply sobbed for joy. REUTERS/Yannis Behrakis

Hosni Mubarak and Friends 1981 – 2011

01.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak gives a speech at Cairo’s Police
Academy in this January 24, 1985 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar
Suleiman said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure
from the street and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a
televised statement. REUTERS/Stringer/Files

Muhammad Hosni Sayyid Mubarak was appointed vice president in 1975,
and assumed the Presidency on October 14, 1981, following the
assassination of President Anwar El Sadat. He is the longest-serving
Egyptian ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha. Before he entered politics
Mubarak was a career officer in the Egyptian Air Force, serving as its
commander from 1972 to 1975.

On January 25th 2011 the Egyptian people had had enough of him and
started 18 days of protests until on February 11th 2011 Hosni Mubarak
resigned as President of Egypt. Starting wild celebration across Egypt,
of which you will see images on TotallyCoolPix soon.

02.
U.S. President Barack Obama (R) meets with Egypt’s President Hosni
Mubarak in the Oval Office of the White House in Washington in this
September 1, 2010 file photograph. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman
said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the
street and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a
televised statement. REUTERS/Jason Reed/Files

03.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (L) laughs with U.S. President Bill
Clinton during a joint press statement at the White House in this July
1,1999 file photograph. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on
February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and
had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised
statement. REUTERS/Larry Downing/Files

04.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (C) hosts a three-way handshake
between himself, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak (R) and Palestinian
President Yasser Arafat at the close of the statement Mubarak issued at
their three-way summit in the Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh in this
March 9, 2000 file photograph. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said
on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street
and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised
statement. REUTERS/Handout/Files

05.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak shakes hands with U.S. President
Clinton (R) after they and other leaders from the Middle East signed the
Israel-PLO accord in a White House ceremony in this September 28, 1995
file photograph. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on February
11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had
resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised statement.
REUTERS/Rick Wilking/Files

06.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (R) and U.S. Secretary of State George
Shultz embrace before starting their talks on middle east peace moves
and the Gulf war in Cairo, Egypt in this October 19, 1989 file photo.
Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on February 11, 2011 that
Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had resigned, handing
power to the army, he said in a televised statement. REUTERS/Aladin
Abdel Naby/Files

07.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (C) listens to a question as Israeli
Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (L) and US. Secretary of State Warren
Christopher look on during a news conference in Cairo in this June 9,
1995 file photograph. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on
February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and
had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised
statement. REUTERS/David Silverman/Files

08.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and U.S. President Ronald Reagan pose
for photographers in the White House Oval Office in this January 28,
1988 file photograph. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on
February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and
had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised
statement. REUTERS/Stelios Varias/Files

09.
Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak greets Military Commanders of the Armed
Forces in Cairo, Egypt in this October 6, 1989 file photo after laying a
wreath on the tomb of the unknown soldier. Egypt’s Vice President Omar
Suleiman said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure
from the street and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a
televised statement. REUTERS/Aladin Abdel Naby/Files

10.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak is greeted by U.S. President George W.
Bush (R) in the Oval Office of the White House in this April 2, 2001
file photograph. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on February
11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had
resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised statement.
REUTERS/Win McNamee/Files

11.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak shakes hands with Israeli Defense
Minister Ehud Barak (L) during a meeting at the presidential palace in
Cairo in this June 21, 2009 file photograph. Egypt’s Vice President Omar
Suleiman said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure
from the street and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a
televised statement. REUTERS/Asmaa Waguih/Files

12.
Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak (L) meets Libyan Leader Muammar Gaddafi
at the Egyptian border city of Mersa Matrouh in this October 16, 1989
file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on February 11,
2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had
resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised statement.
BLACK AND WHITE ONLY. REUTERS/Frederic Neema/Files

13.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (L) and his wife Suzanne Mubarak (R)
pose with President Ronald Reagan and first lady Nancy Reagan before a
state dinner in honor of Mubarak at the White House in this January 28,
1988 file photograph. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on
February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and
had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised
statement. REUTERS/Stelios Varias/Files

14.
Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak (R) meets with U.S. Vice-President
George Bush at the Presidential Palace in Cairo in this August 3, 1986
file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on February 11,
2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had
resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised statement.
REUTERS/Jim Hollander

15.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak gestures (R) as he and Israeli Prime
Minister Benjamin Netanyahu sit down for talks in the Red Sea resort of
Sharm el-Sheikh in this May 27, 1997 file photograph. Egypt’s Vice
President Omar Suleiman said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed
to pressure from the street and had resigned, handing power to the
army, he said in a televised statement. REUTERS/Jim Hollander/Files

16.
Egyptian President Hosni Murbarak tells the United Nations General
Assembly that the conditions now favor a Palestinian Israeli dialogue
without any preconditions, predicated on exchanging land for peace and
the rights of the Palestinian’s in New York in this September 29, 1989
file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on February 11,
2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had
resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised statement.
REUTERS/Ray Stubblebine

17.
U.S. Defence Secretary Caspar Weinberger (L) speaks with Egypt’s
President Hosni Mubarak during a one-hour meeting at the Presidential
Palace in Cairo in this September 28, 1987 file photo. Egypt’s Vice
President Omar Suleiman said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed
to pressure from the street and had resigned, handing power to the
army, he said in a televised statement. REUTERS/Aladin Abdel
Naby/Files

18.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (L) and South Africa’s leading
anti-apartheid Churchman Desmond Tutu meet in Cairo, Egypt in this
October 24, 1989 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said
on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street
and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised
statement. REUTERS/Aladin/Files

19.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (L) meets with Israeli Prime Minister
Shimon Peres at Ras El-Tinn palace in Alexandria, Egypt in this
September 11, 1986 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said
on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street
and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised
statement. REUTERS/Khaled Abu Sief/Files

20.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak looks at U.S. civil rights activist
Reverend Jesse Jackson while greeting him at the start of a meeting in
Cairo in this July 7, 1989 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar
Suleiman said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure
from the street and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a
televised statement. BLACK AND WHITE ONLY. REUTERS/Cheryl Hatch

21.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (R) meets with U.S. Senator Gary Hart,
contender for the 1988 Democratic party presidential nomination, to
review Middle East peace moves in Cairo in this July 5, 1986 file photo.
Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on February 11, 2011 that
Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had resigned, handing
power to the army, he said in a televised statement.
REUTERS/Khaled/Files

22.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (C), flanked by his Defense Minister
Field Marshall Abdel-Halim Abu Ghazala (L) and Chief of Staff Lieutenant
General Ibrahim Orabi (R), visits the tomb of the Unknown Soldier in
this April 24, 1986 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman
said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the
street and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a
televised statement. REUTERS/Khaled Abu Seif/Files

23.
U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak pose
for photographers in the White House Oval Office in this January 28,
1988 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on February
11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had
resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised statement.
REUTERS/Stelios Varias/Files

24.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (L) shakes hands with French President
Francois Mitterand at Elysee Palace in Paris in this July 17, 1986 file
photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on February 11, 2011
that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had resigned,
handing power to the army, he said in a televised statement. In centre
is an unidentified interpreter. REUTERS/William Stevens/Files

25.
King Hussein of Jordan (L) and President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt meet in
Cairo to coordinate positions ahead of separate visits to Washington
later this month to discuss Middle East Peace prospects in this
September 14, 1985 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said
on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street
and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised
statement. REUTERS/Mona Sharaf/Files

26.
British Prime Minister John Major (L) and Egyptian President Hosni
Mubarak listen to reporters during a news conference at the Presidential
Palace in Cairo in this October 24, 1992 file photo. Egypt’s Vice
President Omar Suleiman said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed
to pressure from the street and had resigned, handing power to the
army, he said in a televised statement. REUTERS/Stringer/Files

27.
Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak (L) greets Israeli President Chaim
Herzog during a bilateral meeting while both are in Tokyo to attend the
funeral of Emperor Hirohito in this February 23, 1989 file photo.
Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on February 11, 2011 that
Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had resigned, handing
power to the army, he said in a televised statement. REUTERS/Denis
Gray/Files

28.
Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak shakes hands with Israeli counterpart
Shimon Peres during a meeting at the presidential palace in Cairo in
this August 1, 2010 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman
said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the
street and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a
televised statement. REUTERS/Amr Abdallah Dalsh/Files

29.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (L) laughs as he welcomes Libyan
Leader Muammar Gaddafi (R) on his arrival at the presidential palace in
Cairo in this July 21, 2002 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar
Suleiman said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure
from the street and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a
televised statement. REUTERS/Aladin Abdel Naby/Files

30.
Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak (L) answers a question while Britain’s
Prime Minister Tony Blair looks on during a news conference at 10
Downing Street, London, in this June 5, 2002 file photo. Egypt’s Vice
President Omar Suleiman said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed
to pressure from the street and had resigned, handing power to the
army, he said in a televised statement. REUTERS/Adrian
Dennis/Pool/Files

31.
U.S. President Bill Clinton (R), Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin
(L), Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (2nd L) and Jordan’s King Hussein
all adjust their ties as PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat (far R) looks on, in
this September 28,1995 file photo as the leaders prepare to exit the
White House on the occasion of the signing of the Israeli – Palestinian
Interim Agreement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Egypt’s Vice
President Omar Suleiman said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed
to pressure from the street and had resigned, handing power to the
army, he said in a televised statement. REUTERS/Handout/Files

32.
France’s President Nicolas Sarkozy (L) greets Egyptian President Hosni
Mubarak as he arrives at the Elysee Palace in Paris in this July 5, 2010
file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on February 11,
2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had
resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised statement.
REUTERS/Philippe Wojazer/Files

33.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (L) applauds as Italian Prime Minister
Silvio Berlusconi smiles during the Milano Med Forum 2009 in downtown
Milan in this July 20, 2009 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar
Suleiman said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure
from the street and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a
televised statement. REUTERS/Alessandro Garofalo/Files

34.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (L) and Pope John Paul II stand at
attention during the playing of National Anthems at Cairo Airport in
this February 24, 2000 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman
said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the
street and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a
televised statement. REUTERS/Pool/Files

35.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, (C), listens to French First Lady
Bernadette Chirac while French President Jacques Chirac looks on during
their dinner at the Elysee Palace in Paris in this May 18, 1998 file
photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on February 11, 2011
that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had resigned,
handing power to the army, he said in a televised statement.
REUTERS/Pool/Files

36.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (R) talks with Palestinian President
Mahmoud Abbas as they meet at the presidential palace in Cairo, in this
August 12, 2010 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on
February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street
and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised
statement. REUTERS/Asmaa Waguih/Files

37.
Lebanon’s Parliament majority leader Saad al-Hariri (L) talks with
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak at the presidential palace in Cairo, in
this June 23, 2009 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman
said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the
street and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a
televised statement. REUTERS/Asmaa Waguih/Files

38.
Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi (R) and Egyptian President
Hosni Mubarak meet before a private meeting at Palazzo Chigi in Rome in
this March 9, 2006 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said
on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street
and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised
statement. REUTERS/Max Rossi

39.
Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak (R) talks to his Russian counterpart
Dmitry Medvedev during their meeting at the presidential palace in
Cairo, in this June 23, 2009 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar
Suleiman said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure
from the street and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a
televised statement. REUTERS/RIA Novosti/Kremlin/Dmitry Astakhov/Files

40.
Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak (L) and German Chancellor Angela Merkel
react as they address a news conference following their talks at the
chancellery in Berlin, in this April 23, 2008 file photo. Egypt’s Vice
President Omar Suleiman said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed
to pressure from the street and had resigned, handing power to the
army, he said in a televised statement. REUTERS/Fabrizio Bensch/Files

41.
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (L) meets with Egyptian
President Hosni Mubarak at a hotel in Washington in this August 17, 2009
file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on February 11,
2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had
resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised statement.
REUTERS/Kevin Lamarque/Files

42.
Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva (L) listens to Egyptian
President Hosni Mubarak on his arrival to Egypt in this December 8, 2003
file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on February 11,
2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had
resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised statement.
REUTERS/Aladin Abdel Naby/Files

43.
U.S. President George W. Bush looks toward Egyptian President Hosni
Mubarak as he speaks to the media in the White House following their
meeting in this March 5, 2002 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar
Suleiman said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure
from the street and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a
televised statement. REUTERS/Kevin Lamarque

44.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and U.S. President Clinton walk down
the Colonnade prior to their joint press conference in the White House
in this October 25, 1993 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar
Suleiman said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure
from the street and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a
televised statement. REUTERS/Stephen Jaffe/Files

45.
(L-R) Palestinian President Yasser Arafat, Egyptian President Hosni
Mubarak, Spanish Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar and Israeli Foreign
Minister Shimon Peres laugh during the Euro-Mediterranean forum in the
resort of Formentor on the Spanish island of Majorca in this November 2,
2001 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on February
11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had
resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised statement.
REUTERS/Dani Cardona/Files

46.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak (L) is escorted by Tunisian President
Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali upon his arrival in Tunis in this October 30,
2002 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman said on February
11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the street and had
resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a televised statement.
REUTERS/Mohamed Hammi/Files

47.
Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak waves during the opening session of the
annual conference of the National Democratic Party (NDP) in Cairo in
this October 31, 2009 file photo. Egypt’s Vice President Omar Suleiman
said on February 11, 2011 that Mubarak had bowed to pressure from the
street and had resigned, handing power to the army, he said in a
televised statement. REUTERS/Amr Abdallah Dalsh/Files

source: http://www.independent.co.uk

1 The story goes that an Arab named Khalid was tending his goats in the Kaffa region of southern Ethiopia, when he noticed his animals became livelier after eating a certain berry. He boiled the berries to make the first coffee. Certainly the first record of the drink is of beans exported from Ethiopia to Yemen where Sufis drank it to stay awake all night to pray on special occasions. By the late 15th century it had arrived in Mecca and Turkey from where it made its way to Venice in 1645. It was brought to England in 1650 by a Turk named Pasqua Rosee who opened the first coffee house in Lombard Street in the City of London. The Arabic qahwa became the Turkish kahve then the Italian caffé and then English coffee.

2 The ancient Greeks thought our eyes emitted rays, like a laser, which enabled us to see. The first person to realise that light enters the eye, rather than leaving it, was the 10th-century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haitham. He invented the first pin-hole camera after noticing the way light came through a hole in window shutters. The smaller the hole, the better the picture, he worked out, and set up the first Camera Obscura (from the Arab word qamara for a dark or private room). He is also credited with being the first man to shift physics from a philosophical activity to an experimental one.

3 A form of chess was played in ancient India but the game was developed into the form we know it today in Persia. From there it spread westward to Europe – where it was introduced by the Moors in Spain in the 10th century – and eastward as far as Japan. The word rook comes from the Persian rukh, which means chariot.

4 A thousand years before the Wright brothers a Muslim poet, astronomer, musician and engineer named Abbas ibn Firnas made several attempts to construct a flying machine. In 852 he jumped from the minaret of the Grand Mosque in Cordoba using a loose cloak stiffened with wooden struts. He hoped to glide like a bird. He didn’t. But the cloak slowed his fall, creating what is thought to be the first parachute, and leaving him with only minor injuries. In 875, aged 70, having perfected a machine of silk and eagles’ feathers he tried again, jumping from a mountain. He flew to a significant height and stayed aloft for ten minutes but crashed on landing – concluding, correctly, that it was because he had not given his device a tail so it would stall on landing. Baghdad international airport and a crater on the Moon are named after him.

5 Washing and bathing are religious requirements for Muslims, which is perhaps why they perfected the recipe for soap which we still use today. The ancient Egyptians had soap of a kind, as did the Romans who used it more as a pomade. But it was the Arabs who combined vegetable oils with sodium hydroxide and aromatics such as thyme oil. One of the Crusaders’ most striking characteristics, to Arab nostrils, was that they did not wash. Shampoo was introduced to England by a Muslim who opened Mahomed’s Indian Vapour Baths on Brighton seafront in 1759 and was appointed Shampooing Surgeon to Kings George IV and William IV.

6 Distillation, the means of separating liquids through differences in their boiling points, was invented around the year 800 by Islam’s foremost scientist, Jabir ibn Hayyan, who transformed alchemy into chemistry, inventing many of the basic processes and apparatus still in use today – liquefaction, crystallisation, distillation, purification, oxidisation, evaporation and filtration. As well as discovering sulphuric and nitric acid, he invented the alembic still, giving the world intense rosewater and other perfumes and alcoholic spirits (although drinking them is haram, or forbidden, in Islam). Ibn Hayyan emphasised systematic experimentation and was the founder of modern chemistry.

7 The crank-shaft is a device which translates rotary into linear motion and is central to much of the machinery in the modern world, not least the internal combustion engine. One of the most important mechanical inventions in the history of humankind, it was created by an ingenious Muslim engineer called al-Jazari to raise water for irrigation. His 1206 Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices shows he also invented or refined the use of valves and pistons, devised some of the first mechanical clocks driven by water and weights, and was the father of robotics. Among his 50 other inventions was the combination lock.

8 Quilting is a method of sewing or tying two layers of cloth with a layer of insulating material in between. It is not clear whether it was invented in the Muslim world or whether it was imported there from India or China. But it certainly came to the West via the Crusaders. They saw it used by Saracen warriors, who wore straw-filled quilted canvas shirts instead of armour. As well as a form of protection, it proved an effective guard against the chafing of the Crusaders’ metal armour and was an effective form of insulation – so much so that it became a cottage industry back home in colder climates such as Britain and Holland.

9 The pointed arch so characteristic of Europe’s Gothic cathedrals was an invention borrowed from Islamic architecture. It was much stronger than the rounded arch used by the Romans and Normans, thus allowing the building of bigger, higher, more complex and grander buildings. Other borrowings from Muslim genius included ribbed vaulting, rose windows and dome-building techniques. Europe’s castles were also adapted to copy the Islamic world’s – with arrow slits, battlements, a barbican and parapets. Square towers and keeps gave way to more easily defended round ones. Henry V’s castle architect was a Muslim.

10 Many modern surgical instruments are of exactly the same design as those devised in the 10th century by a Muslim surgeon called al-Zahrawi. His scalpels, bone saws, forceps, fine scissors for eye surgery and many of the 200 instruments he devised are recognisable to a modern surgeon. It was he who discovered that catgut used for internal stitches dissolves away naturally (a discovery he made when his monkey ate his lute strings) and that it can be also used to make medicine capsules. In the 13th century, another Muslim medic named Ibn Nafis described the circulation of the blood, 300 years before William Harvey discovered it. Muslims doctors also invented anaesthetics of opium and alcohol mixes and developed hollow needles to suck cataracts from eyes in a technique still used today.

11 The windmill was invented in 634 for a Persian caliph and was used to grind corn and draw up water for irrigation. In the vast deserts of Arabia, when the seasonal streams ran dry, the only source of power was the wind which blew steadily from one direction for months. Mills had six or 12 sails covered in fabric or palm leaves. It was 500 years before the first windmill was seen in Europe.

12 The technique of inoculation was not invented by Jenner and Pasteur but was devised in the Muslim world and brought to Europe from Turkey by the wife of the English ambassador to Istanbul in 1724. Children in Turkey were vaccinated with cowpox to fight the deadly smallpox at least 50 years before the West discovered it.

13 The fountain pen was invented for the Sultan of Egypt in 953 after he demanded a pen which would not stain his hands or clothes. It held ink in a reservoir and, as with modern pens, fed ink to the nib by a combination of gravity and capillary action.

14 The system of numbering in use all round the world is probably Indian in origin but the style of the numerals is Arabic and first appears in print in the work of the Muslim mathematicians al-Khwarizmi and al-Kindi around 825. Algebra was named after al-Khwarizmi’s book, Al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah, much of whose contents are still in use. The work of Muslim maths scholars was imported into Europe 300 years later by the Italian mathematician Fibonacci. Algorithms and much of the theory of trigonometry came from the Muslim world. And Al-Kindi’s discovery of frequency analysis rendered all the codes of the ancient world soluble and created the basis of modern cryptology.

15 Ali ibn Nafi, known by his nickname of Ziryab (Blackbird) came from Iraq to Cordoba in the 9th century and brought with him the concept of the three-course meal – soup, followed by fish or meat, then fruit and nuts. He also introduced crystal glasses (which had been invented after experiments with rock crystal by Abbas ibn Firnas – see No 4).

16 Carpets were regarded as part of Paradise by medieval Muslims, thanks to their advanced weaving techniques, new tinctures from Islamic chemistry and highly developed sense of pattern and arabesque which were the basis of Islam’s non-representational art. In contrast, Europe’s floors were distinctly earthly, not to say earthy, until Arabian and Persian carpets were introduced. In England, as Erasmus recorded, floors were “covered in rushes, occasionally renewed, but so imperfectly that the bottom layer is left undisturbed, sometimes for 20 years, harbouring expectoration, vomiting, the leakage of dogs and men, ale droppings, scraps of fish, and other abominations not fit to be mentioned”. Carpets, unsurprisingly, caught on quickly.

17 The modern cheque comes from the Arabic saqq, a written vow to pay for goods when they were delivered, to avoid money having to be transported across dangerous terrain. In the 9th century, a Muslim businessman could cash a cheque in China drawn on his bank in Baghdad.

18 By the 9th century, many Muslim scholars took it for granted that the Earth was a sphere. The proof, said astronomer Ibn Hazm, “is that the Sun is always vertical to a particular spot on Earth”. It was 500 years before that realisation dawned on Galileo. The calculations of Muslim astronomers were so accurate that in the 9th century they reckoned the Earth’s circumference to be 40,253.4km – less than 200km out. The scholar al-Idrisi took a globe depicting the world to the court of King Roger of Sicily in 1139.

19 Though the Chinese invented saltpetre gunpowder, and used it in their fireworks, it was the Arabs who worked out that it could be purified using potassium nitrate for military use. Muslim incendiary devices terrified the Crusaders. By the 15th century they had invented both a rocket, which they called a “self-moving and combusting egg”, and a torpedo – a self-propelled pear-shaped bomb with a spear at the front which impaled itself in enemy ships and then blew up.

20 Medieval Europe had kitchen and herb gardens, but it was the Arabs who developed the idea of the garden as a place of beauty and meditation. The first royal pleasure gardens in Europe were opened in 11th-century Muslim Spain. Flowers which originated in Muslim gardens include the carnation and the tulip.

“1001 Inventions: Discover the Muslim Heritage in Our World” is a new exhibition which began a nationwide tour this week. It is currently at the Science Museum in Manchester. For more information, go to www.1001inventions.com.

Dealing with Islamophobia

Ahel Cairo

I hate the annoying Americans and the bloody British, the crappy Canadians and the dumb Danish, the effluent Estonians and the foul French, the grotesque Germans and the horrible Hungarians, the idiotic Italians and the jerk off Jamaicans, the knuckleheaded Koreans and the Ludicrous Lithuanians, the moronic Moroccans and the nitwit Nepalese, the oafish Omanis and the preposterous Portuguese, the quack Qataris and the rubbish Romanians, the silly Spanish and the twisted Turks, the ugly Ukrainians and the vulgar Vietnamese, the warty Welsh and the (there’s no country that begins with X, wtf? Xylophone? oh I know, Xenophobia ), the yucky Yemenis and the zitty Zambians.

Yes, I despise everyone regardless of race color or creed(or alphabetical order!)

Most prestigious channels are using the system of call ‘n win, which in return generate a lot of profit and only one or two people out of thousands if not more win the prize. It’s really absurd to manipulate people this way, however  the way they show these contests, by convincing  people to try their luck, maybe they win ,as a result spending a few pounds or maybe more, just by holding online or trying over ‘n over again. Not to mention that some channels are specialized only in such competitions were they get a good looking girl and they post a stupid silly question and you have to find the answer. since the question seems to be very easy, thousands of people call and no one win till the end of the show when suddenly someone answer the question, and yay he /she wins!! Even the questions are not challenging to think or to search for, and again we” the Arab nation” accused of not being creative or using any percentage of our minds in doing something useful. I wonder with these kinds of programs, we have no choice to think of anything else, but for the silly answer!!

To be a Hollywood actor you’re expected to be extremely egotistical and out of touch with the rest of humanity. Add to that a compulsory IQ of 2 digits, and you’ve got the next big paris hilton/britney/crusie /(insert overpaid spoiled idiot here) kidnapping African kids/showing private bits/dancing on couches/(insert despicable act here).

Watching this video actually made me feel sorry for the guy. He’s so delusionaly pathetic, so childishly ignorant, that I wanted to pat him on the back and say “there there, of course the tooth fairy is an ancient sentient alien being, and mission impossible 3 wasn’t a huge flop”. Then I remembered how rich he was, and the string of gorgeous women he had married, and I stopped feeling sorry for him and started feeling sorry for myself.

Of course, I prefer being rational and having sound mental health to being very rich and hanging around awesome chicks…..still…..

anyways, here are the vids:

Tom Cruise Scientology Video – at Gawker

[kml_flashembed movie="http://www.youtube.com/v/3fvE1kgP_R0" width="425" height="350" wmode="transparent" /]

[kml_flashembed movie="http://www.youtube.com/v/xJ_mf8-ncN4" width="425" height="350" wmode="transparent" /]

“May I taser him?”……. Then shortly after, 40 year old Robert Dziekanski was dead…

The video is quite disturbing, and you just can’t help but feel a mixture of anger, revulsion and sadness……

Sadness because this death was so unnecessary, and anger because this happened in a supposedly civilized country, at Vancouver International Airport, with a whiny ass Mounty asking his superior for permission to pass 50 thousand volts of electricity through an obviously distressed man, with the same childish attitude as a kid asking his mom for a new puppy.

Mom, can I kill that man, please pretty pleeeeeeeeeeeeease?

The fact that Canadian police, being the unfacist, disciplined and modern professional police force that they are, added insult to injury and immediately put a spin on the incident, saying that the guy had attempted to attack them…….so they felt that the incident was justified self defense…

Of course, when the video of the whole thing was released, they quickly scurried off into a little hole, hid their heads up their asses, and stated that the matter was “under investigation”

Seems truly amazing to me, that in this day and age, in a supposedly civilized part of the world, there can be so little compassion, understanding, and just down right simple common sense and decency. I mean, the guy was a Polish immigrant who was flying for the first time, knew no English and had been stuck in an Airport terminal for 10 hours waiting for his mother to pick him up, with no one, not even airport staff or cops, offering to help. Wouldn’t you expect him to get a little frustrated? wouldn’t you expect him to try and draw some attention to himself?…. well the only way he could do that was by picking up some chairs and throwing them around….as obviously, no one at the airport had the intelligence to get a translator and find out what was going on……. much easier just to taser the bugger………….

Brilliant, half a dozen brave Candian Mounties, wet their pants and get scared shitless by a middleaged Polish man brandishing a “deadly” coffee table…..so they electrocute the poor bastard to death….

in the end, its:

Fascits: 1

Poor immigrants : nill

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My story goes back to the day I first saw the movie” IT” a 1990 horror movie ,based on Stephen king novel. I can’t remember how old I was, but that was really one of the scariest movies I have ever seen, especially when it comes to the scenes where “IT” appears in bathroom or blood started to pump up from the tape, at the time I hated going to toilet alone lol !!

I looked up in the dictionary on line, and I was amazed by the numbers of phobias we have. Did anyone ever heard of fear of feces “coprophobia”, I suppose he/she never go to toilet or what!!! Even when I searched for pictures of clowns, most pictures were either for scary clowns or sad ones! Where is the fun in that…Huh?

The history of clowns goes back to ancient Egypt, where they were called “fools” most fools suffered from some physical and mental deformity and were given to the local landlord as a charge, because their families were unable to look after them, and the surrounding communities often feared them, However, being perceived ‘idiots’ they were often the only people in court who enjoyed free speech, and during the 16th century, especially in France, actors began to train as fools, often in order to have the ability to make satirical comment. “Wikipedia”.

I believe media has played a major role, in portraying clowns as evil or scary. Especially in scenes where the boy tries to sleep but his clown toy is sitting on a chair, staring at him!!

i wanted to add pic..but was scared of his look,especially the one of the movie !!!